Who Voted For the Nazis? :: World War II History

Who Voted For the Nazis?1. Review the evidence concerning who voted for the Nazis in the elections in Germany of 1928 to 1933. Consider the different groups in society and the reasons why they may, or may non, have voted for the Nazis. Since 1928 the Nazi leaders had deliberately directed their propaganda at cracker-barrel and middle class/lower middle class audiences. This therefore made it explicit that they were very likely to vote for the Nazis. Also, it has been estimated that the party attracting new voters and persuading many people who had not previously participated in elections to support their cause won nearly one-half of the Nazi seats. Hitler had a lot of support from the conservative right who had dominated Germany politically since 1929. Hitler seemed to appeal to each class and sector within the electorate by qualification specific pledges to suit each group. The middle classes made up the largest single proportion of Nazi support. It is thought that the reason f or this is something to do with the Great Depression. They felt that they would not be able to cope with a second economic crisis so they moved to the more radical fringe. By middle class I implicate artisans, small retailers, peasant farmers, civil servants and teachers. The upper classes-landowners, businessmen and industrialists-saw that Hitler would protect them from trade unions and the threat of communism and socialism on the left. The unemployed, peasants and young people supported Hitler just the party was weak in the south and in industrial cities. 2. Read the extracts below, which are taken from a variety of historians views. What are their answers? To what extent do they equal? The answers, which are given by these extracts, tend to be along the same line. All of them seem to agree that the Nazis were very successful in protestant rural and middle class Germany. They also agree that it was big businesses, the young and the well off that were most likely to be in favour of the NSDAP. However the full point at which some of them disagree is to do with the workers. The question seems to remain-did the workers vote for the Nazis? On one hand it seems obvious that they didnt because of what the Nazis offered (it was aimed at the middle classes and above), but on the another(prenominal) hand it was said by J.

Shakespeares Macbeth does not Follow Aristotles Standards for a Trage

Macbeth does not Follow Aristotles Standards for a Tragedy There have been many great tragic authors end-to-end history Aeschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles from ancient Greece Corneille and Hugo from France Grillparzer and Schiller from Germany and Marlowe, Webster, and Shakespeare from England. From this long list of men, Shakespeare is the most commonly known. Many Shakespearean critics agree that Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet are great tragedies. Many critics also take that Macbeth is a tragedy, but if one follows Aristotles standards for a tragedy, Macbeth would not be a tragedy To really determine if Macbeth is a tragedy according to Aristotle, one must(prenominal) first look at his guidelines. The majority of Aristotles standards relate to the downfall of the central character. To set the character up for a downfall, Aristotle thought he or she should be of the middle class. This was because he felt the poor had nothing to lose. He also felt the downfall should be caused by a fatal flaw. Another feature of speech Aristotle believed was important, was a conflict between the central character and a close friend or relative. According to him, the main character should also have an foresight at the moment of his or her downfall. Aristotle also believed that the olfactionings of pity and fear should be felt by the audience during the play. He thought that these feelings would lead to a catharsis, or release of emotions. Although most of Aristotles characteristics of a tragedy had to do with the downfall, he had two that did not. First, he thought the central character should not be totally heartfelt or evil. This was based on the belief that the ruin of a totally good character would be too painful, and the ruin of a totally big(p) char... ... not even thank is wife for the plan that made him king. Due to Malcolms final speech, the reader is left with positive, not negative feelings. Overall Macbeth is not a tragedy according the Aristotles standards. M acbeths downfall does follow the guidelines he has something to lose, he has a downfall, and he has conflicts with his friends and relatives during his downfall. But, the heart of the play, which is the emotions created, just do not follow Aristotles standards. The reader should feel pity, and grieve. Yet, there is no reason to feel this way because Macbeth is all evil, and in the end, the good guy is restored to power. Shakespeare put forth good effort in arduous to make Macbeth a tragedy, but he came up too short.Works CitedShakespeare, William. Macbeth. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York Longman, 1997.

Euthanasia Essay -- Ethical Issues, Physician Assisted Suicide

It is the principle of conduct which requires us (healthc ar workers) to work out in a bearing that benefits others (patients) by preventing or removing harm, or more directly acting to produce a good Due to the nature of the job, it can be said that nurses much have to deal with the situtaion of ethical dilemas. Because we live in a culturaly diverse society, our values are not necessarily the same. This often gives the leeway for ethical dilemas such(prenominal) as, whether euthanasia and assisted suicide are moraly right or wrong. Euthanasia is defined as a deliberate intervention or omission with the record intention of hastening or ending an individuals life, to relieve intractable trouble oneself or suffering (Sanders, 2007). Assisted suicide refers to making available to an individual the means (for example, pills or a weapon) to take his or her own life (Michele, 2004). Euthanasia and assisted suicide are argued to be done to relieve a patient from pain and sufferin g, however that can be countered. It is important for one to consider the reasoning behind why people ask for euthanasia or assisted suicide. In the case of Mr. Maxwell, who is diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis for more than 10 years and is requesting for euthanasia. Morally, I do not support his request to remove his ventilator because it is unethical. This paper focuses on why euthanasia and assisted suicide are wrong from the perspective of autonomy, nonmaleficence and rule-utilitarianism. Very good Autonomy Autonomy is usually used to justify the act of euthanasia and assisted suicide. Autonomy is said to be the right to self-government. Within the contexts of moral and bioethical philosophy it is the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced d... ...st cases, they are not well informed about other options they might have. It is the role of the nurse to provide the patient with other alternatives other than suicide. The autonomy of the patient is im portant, tho not absolute. (Quadhebeur, 2009) Realizing that the nurses role is not to do harm is as well important, because when nurses are seen as both care givers and killers, it makes it hard for patients to put their trust on nurses. As the rule utilitarian will argue, it is important to do what is morally right. Not killing an innocent human being is right in this situation, and this surmise should be adhered to. Finally, it can be argued that euthanasia is too drastic an intervention to be used for patients at the end of their life this is because it makes dealing correctly with destruction almost impossible and it is also irreversible (Quaghebeur, 2009).

The Power And The Glory :: essays research papers

The Power and Glory writing assignmentThe spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.(Matthew 2641) These words of saviour be thematic in both the unfermented, The Power and the Glory, by Graham Greene, and the verse, Batter my heart, three-pers matchlessd beau ideal, by John Donne. Both the whiskey priest and the vocalizer of the poem are involved in a battle between their sinful flesh and their spirit, which seeks the Divine. They also admit their sin and clothe themselves to God. In both the novel and the poem, the authors use similar paradoxes to describe the characters relationship with God while the search for holiness takes each on a different path. The speaker and the whiskey priest describe themselves as sinners, yielding to temptation. The speaker of the poem says, But I am betrothed unto your rival(ln.10), showing the speaker is low-key by the devil. The priest, a drunkard with a child, rallys of himself as a transgressor and a disgrace to the Church. While in th e prison house, the priest says to the sanctimonious woman, But Im a bad priestI k in a flash from experience-how much beauty Satan carried down with him when he fell.(p.130) When he is arrested the priest says to a soldier, You mustnt think they are like meIts just that Im a bad priest.(p.191). In addition to recognizing their strayal of God, they moot that a sacred smell is the ultimate victory. The speaker confesses, Yet dearly I love you and would be loved fain.(ln.9) The priest also desires to love God above all, He knew now at the end there was only one thing that counted to be a saint.(p.210) However, each character pursues the Divine in a different way. stock-still though the whiskey priest perceives himself as a sinner, his way of life resembles the good of the Holy Spirit. The priest resembles Jesus in many places in the novel. The prison scene is very much like the Last Supper, when Jesus said to his apostles that one of them would betray him. The priest thinks, Sur ely one of these people will betray me first.(p.128) He also cleans the pails of the cells in the prison just as Jesus washes the apostles feet. The night before he is executed the priest prays alone as Jesus did in the garden. The priest embarks on a mission to keep his religion alive in Mexico while helping the individuals he meets, and he finally dies because of his creed and sense of duty.The Power And The Glory essays research papersThe Power and Glory writing assignmentThe spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.(Matthew 2641) These words of Jesus are thematic in both the novel, The Power and the Glory, by Graham Greene, and the poem, Batter my heart, three-personed God, by John Donne. Both the whiskey priest and the speaker of the poem are involved in a battle between their sinful flesh and their spirit, which seeks the Divine. They also admit their sin and commit themselves to God. In both the novel and the poem, the authors use similar paradoxes to describe the characte rs relationship with God while the search for holiness takes each on a different path. The speaker and the whiskey priest describe themselves as sinners, yielding to temptation. The speaker of the poem says, But I am betrothed unto your enemy(ln.10), showing the speaker is subdued by the devil. The priest, a drunkard with a child, thinks of himself as a transgressor and a disgrace to the Church. While in the prison, the priest says to the pious woman, But Im a bad priestI know from experience-how much beauty Satan carried down with him when he fell.(p.130) When he is arrested the priest says to a soldier, You mustnt think they are like meIts just that Im a bad priest.(p.191). In addition to recognizing their betrayal of God, they believe that a sacred life is the ultimate victory. The speaker confesses, Yet dearly I love you and would be loved fain.(ln.9) The priest also desires to love God above all, He knew now at the end there was only one thing that counted to be a saint.(p.210 ) However, each character pursues the Divine in a different way. Even though the whiskey priest perceives himself as a sinner, his way of life resembles the good of the Holy Spirit. The priest resembles Jesus in many places in the novel. The prison scene is very much like the Last Supper, when Jesus said to his apostles that one of them would betray him. The priest thinks, Surely one of these people will betray me first.(p.128) He also cleans the pails of the cells in the prison just as Jesus washes the apostles feet. The night before he is executed the priest prays alone as Jesus did in the garden. The priest embarks on a mission to keep his religion alive in Mexico while helping the individuals he meets, and he finally dies because of his faith and sense of duty.

Free YGB Essay - The Message of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

"Lo there ye stand, my children In the story "Young Goodman Brown", the prominent theme is that every nonpareil has a dark side. As the dark figure clearly states, " abuse is the nature of mankind." Nathaniel Hawthornes "Young Goodman Brown" describes the hunger for virtue people of the early 19th century had, and how that virtue is all but a dream, through his pure inflect and imagery. As the passage begins, the first word read is "Lo" An audience reads this word, and immediately gets the feeling that someone of a supreme nature or of high fountain is speaking. "...There ye stand, my children," again allows the reader to see that some sort of father figure is about to speak to his children. The next several words describe the harsh specter of how this "figure" is speaking. This dark tone coming from words like "deep and solemn" easily sets up how the figure is speaking to his children. However, the reader receives a coup doeil of a past good in this devilish character. When Hawthorne writes that the figure speaks with "almost sad...dispairing awfulness," the audience sees that the dark creature at one time might turn over not been so melancholy, "as if his once angelic nature could yet mourn for our miserable race." This thought runs parallel to some form of biblical schoolbook where Lucifer, an angel of God, is damned out of heavens to become the ruler of Hell. Hawthornes background of a religious family probably makes him knowledgeable about these histories. The phrase brings about a sense of the dark figures previous peaceful past--how the figure was once a good soul, virtuous with the rest of the audience souls. The passage gives a down tone when it describes the feeling of the dark figure. One might also get a sense of the imagery the Hawthorne accomplishes when describing the distraught figure. The audience can see the creature lecture with his deep dark voice, and the fear of what really is true about our society. The figure remembers being of an "angelic nature," how he too had a virtuous persona. Unfortunately, as the background of the passage conveys, there is a harsh reality that virtuous world is just a myth. This is against all of Young Goodman Browns beliefs that there is no evil if one sets their mind to it, but the figure proves Brown very wrong.

Free YGB Essay - The Message of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

"Lo there ye stand, my children In the story "Young Goodman Brown", the prominent theme is that everyone has a dark side. As the dark solve clearly states, "Evil is the nature of mankind." Nathaniel Hawthornes "Young Goodman Brown" severalises the hunger for virtue people of the early 19th century had, and how that virtue is all but a dream, through his tone and imagery. As the passage begins, the first word read is "Lo" An audience reads this word, and immediately gets the feeling that someone of a supreme nature or of high power is speaking. "...There ye stand, my children," again allows the ref to cypher that some sort of father figure is about to speak to his children. The next several words describe the harsh tone of how this "figure" is speaking. This dark tone coming from words like "deep and solemn" easily sets up how the figure is speaking to his children. However, the reader receives a glimpse of a past good in this devilish character. When Hawthorne writes that the figure speaks with "almost sad...dispairing awfulness," the audience sees that the dark creature at one m might have not been so melancholy, "as if his once angelic nature could yet mourn for our miserable race." This thought runs parallel to some pull in of biblical text where Lucifer, an angel of God, is damned out of heavens to become the ruler of Hell. Hawthornes background of a religious family probably makes him knowledgeable about these histories. The devise brings about a sense of the dark figures previous peaceful past--how the figure was once a good soul, double-dyed(a) with the rest of the audience souls. The passage gives a down tone when it describes the feeling of the dark figure. One might also get a sense of the imagery the Hawthorne accomplishes when describing the distraught figure. The audience can see the creature talking with his deep dark voice, and the fear of what really is true a bout our society. The figure remembers being of an "angelic nature," how he too had a virtuous persona. Unfortunately, as the context of the passage conveys, there is a harsh reality that virtuous world is just a myth. This is against all of Young Goodman Browns beliefs that there is no evil if one sets their mind to it, but the figure proves Brown very wrong.

Implications of a performance pay system

IntroductionHuman resource and industrial relations is viewed by many scholars as themes that see the sights of thoughts that relates to employment relationships in many organizations including teach institutions in Australia. The issue of instruction execution in these institutions is of interest to nearly every atomic number 53 in the country and much has been centred on improving the results of the students that be in these institutions. Over the past few years, teachers bemuse been chthonian pressure to produce step forwardflank results in Australia and this development has led to introducing implementation/merit acquit dodge. (Williams and Adam, 2006)There is an stemma that some or all a workers pay is contingent that is it only gets paid if the worker meets certain benchmarks. This means that teachers in instruction institutions are required to beat specific targets in order to be compensated. The teachers allow for be compensated for the extra work that they have done and more(prenominal) specifically if their students have doed best in their studies. Research indicates that the Australian teachers with superior degrees and additional years of experience are remunerated extra than those employed lately or those with low educational levels and terms of service are just a manifestation of age and persistence. This system is founded on the supposition that compensating teachers for outstanding doing would offer encouragements for enhanced student accomplishment gains in their studies. (Williams and Adam, 2006)These performance pay strategies are founded on individual instructor performance which may result to argument in the middle of the teachers in the acquirement institutions. This practice has led to every teacher the bright students when they are teaching them in order to reach the best results and hence get bonuses associated with such outstanding performance. This means that the teachers cooperation which is essential in each and ever institution is threatened and actually in some cases shattered.This practice of performance pay in Australia has led to unions of teachers being argumentative that the assessment is prejudiced and it is not based on intended statistics. These performance pay systems often provides for additional payments to that of the teachers salaries and has led to economic complexities because more funds are required to be used for the payments. This system of merit/performance pay has an some other rotten implication to the teachers in that there are under enhanced strain and force to produce good results from their students in the learning institutions indoors Australia. This pressure in turn leads to low motivation of teachers which may affect the students performance in long-term when the teachers involved will find that they have achieved enough in terms of gaining financial resources associated with students performance. (Hagglund and Provis 1996)The Industrial Relation perspective The performance/merit pay systems in Australia has led to teachers expressing their dissatisfaction brought to the highest degree by the increased pressure of trying to meet the set targets of students performance in order to be compensated. The teachers unions have had the responsibility to champion the rights of the teachers who are the members. (Blyton and Turnbull, 2004)Unitarism/pluralismFor efficacious collective bargaining teachers with their trade unions are expected to be united and speak in one voice. This implies that with such practice they will have a bigger advantage because their grievances can be solved with ease and with fewer complications. Channelling grievances through trade unions will give them an added advantage and they may be rewarded with payments that they will be comfortable with unlike when they just express their individual opinions to the relevant compensable systems. communism v individualismIndividualism is all about achieving individual goals w hile Collectivism can be defined as a system that asserts the primacy of collective goals rather than individual goals. Through collectivism individuals requirements are viewed to be of less importee than that of the entire society. Individual privileges may be con constrained if they are seen to go up against the objectives of the society. Today collectivism is practiced in Australia as socialism whereby socialism can be traced back to scholar known as Karl Marx (1818-1883).In his argument, Marx takes the view that the government or the state ought to own the way of production to guarantee a just reimbursement of workforce and to steer clear of mistreatment of the masses by a few individuals who take advantage of others for their own benefits. Socialism are of two forms the low gear one being that of communism whereby its supporters supposes that socialism can only be attained through cruel revolutions and dictatorship. The second form is that of social democrats whereby its supp orters seek to achieve socialism or collectivism through democratic means. (Hyman, 1975)Merit/performance pay system in Australia have been viewed by the teachers unions to be individual means of compensating performance and thus these unions have been seeking collectivism where all teachers are remunerated equally and depending on there competences. Collectivism in teachers performance may be achieved through the concept of collective bargaining by both the teachers unions and the employer in this case the Australian government. (Hunt and Provis, 1995)Fairness v competitivenessIn order to achieve goals in any learning institutions fairness should be practiced and unfair competition should be avoided because it may results to conflicts between the teachers in teaching fraternities in Australia. If merit pay system is further in the teaching profession teachers will compete for brighter students. This implies that teachers will feel secure and be sure of more bonuses if their studen ts are bright and can perform well in their studies. With such system also teachers in Australia may result in competition whereby they try to outdo each other in terms of their remuneration that they get from there bonuses. This means that teachers can manipulate the results of their students in order to receive high bonuses than that of their fellow teachers.The HRM perspectiveHuman Resource prudence dodge may be defined as a calculated means by which the enterprise deploy its human resources to accomplish its purpose and basic objectives under the most advantageous circumstances. This implies that the HRM strategy defines the direction in which the learning institutions in Australia intends to move and establish the framework of action through which it intends to get there out-of-pocket to the efficiency of the teachers. This is because the institution vigilance and especially the Human Resource Departments believe that people are the most important assets in the institution a s compared to other assets that aid in running learning institutions. (Maund, 2001)How can performance be assessed?The human resource perspectives take the view that performance can be assessed through the overall performance of the human resource and in this case the teachers in the conglomerate learning institutions. Performance can only be assessed through organisational effectiveness in learning institutions in Australia. Organization effectiveness can defined as achieving results in an organization through a well give rise and coordinated series of managerial activities that comprises of planning, leading, organizing, directing, and controlling of all the resources in the organization including teachers in order to achieve desirable results.Organizational effectiveness involves number of activities including recruiting competent, motivated and strung-out teachers in order to achieve good results, good communication system in the learning institutions, unambiguous policies, decisions and regulations, a conducive environment for teaching, good focussing, efficacy to adapt to any changes, and building a viable and strong culture and mission among others. (Sparrow and Hilltop, 1994)Therefore organization effectiveness can only be achieved through management functions planning, which encompasses defining learning institutions goals establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals and developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities, organizing, which is the determination of what tasks have to be done, who does them how the tasks are to be grouped? Who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.Controlling, this involves monitoring the teachers performance, leading, which involves head teachers motivating teachers, directing the activities to be done, selecting the most appropriate channel of communication and resolving any conflicts among the teachers. There are numerous ways in measuring the effecti veness of learning institutions and include productivity, profits, stability, turnover, growth among others.How can differences in performance be rewarded?Rewarding differences in performance is a difficult task in learning institutions and especially in regards to teachers in Australia. It will be wise if the employees in this case the teachers are paid according to the work that they are doing. A good remuneration system that will involve paying better wages to these teachers as required in their profession plus other benefits when they have achieved the set goals. It is prudent for stemma evaluation to be carried out in order to reward performance.Job evaluation is all about the relative ranking of an individual job in relation to other jobs that exist inside the group. This also refers to technique used in ranking of jobs in an organization. This is normally carried out on the basis of various responsibilities and duties that are assigned to the specific job or task. (Sheridan and Provis, 1998)The results of the job evaluation process include the job being assigned a specific range of payment. The range normally includes a maximal pay rate that the specific job can attract and also the minimum rate of payment that can be given to a soulfulness holding such a position. Job evaluation as a management tool has been used by employers and managers for approximately more than seventy phoebe bird years.This management tool has been used both in the private and in the public sector including in learning institutions. Basing on some generic factors, the mensurate of each teaching job is well defined in the job evaluation process. When the teachers responsibilities are evaluated in terms of their results achieved then they can be rewarded with exactitude and without prejudice. (Turner, 1962)Will it actually improve performance?Rewarding difference in performance through job evaluation is very important to employers and managers especially in learning institutio ns in Australia and actually may improve performance. The reason as to why rewarding difference in performance as a management tool never goes out of fashion is because it plays a big role in reducing teachers turnover rate.One of the steps involved in job evaluation is bench marking the jobs. This is done in relation to the jobs that have been evaluated before. In this case the bench mark jobs are those that are usually included in salary surveys found in most learning institutions. In this process the bench mark jobs of internal pay constructions are link to the external structures existing in the labour market that is in other institutions.This greatly helps in reducing employee turnover in the various learning institutions because teachers will be satisfied with their pay. This is because job evaluation carried out will enable the learning institutions pay grades to be at per with competitor institutions. In this case teachers will not see the need of looking for greener past ures since their pay grades will be similar to what their colleagues in the same positions are paid in other learning institutions. This is really important to employers and managers because they will not be worried about losing teachers to better paying learning institutions and will also motivate the teachers to produce results. This generally plays a big role to stability in the organization. (Anderson, Provis, and Chappel, 2002)Possible disadvantages of actuality performance?There are some disadvantages associated with actuality performance and one can be that of teachers being under pressure to produce the best results in their teaching practice. Because of such pressure sometimes they feel over strained and hence they are low motivated at some level. It may also result to unfair competition between the teachers and this may lead to producing bad performance through sub standard teaching practices thus students may not gain the required knowledge and may be termed as wild in t he job markets. (Provis, 2004)ConclusionPerformance/merit pay can be both effective and ineffective in learning institutions in Australia. For examenple with such system teachers can produce the best results because they will be motivated to get bonuses from their work. On the other hand if not utilized well teachers may create an environment full of unfair competition in an effort to produce good results from their students and they may engage themselves in bad activities like leaking exams to students before the exam dates so that they can perform better. This implies that students will not have an opportunity to gain a wider knowledge but instead they will be narrow to subjects and topics that will be included in their exams. (Provis, 1986)ReferencesAnderson, B. Provis, C. and Chappel, S. (2002) The Recognition and Management of Emotional Labour in the Tourism Industry. Report to CRC on Sustainable Tourism, Pp 124-134Blyton, P. and Turnbull, P. (2004) The Dynamics of Employee d ealing, third Edition Macmillan, London Pp 32-56Hagglund, G. and C. Provis (1996) Enterprise Bargaining and Productivity Issues in South Australia, Contemporary Issues in Business and Government 2 (4), Pp 49-54Harris, R.., Provis, C., Park, R., Mason, D., Delbridge, R. and Gough, R. (2002) High Performance Manufacturing and the training Factory, Report to Industry Pp 78-89Hunt, I, and Provis, C (1995) The New Industrial Relations in Australia. Federation Press, Sydney Pp 67-78Hyman, R. (1975) Industrial Relations- A Marxist Introduction, Macmillan, London. Pp 67-89Maund, L. (2001) An Introduction to Human Resource Management Theory and Practice Palgrave, Macmillan. Pp 67-79Provis, C. (2004) Ethics and Organisational Politics, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham and Northampton. Pp 100-123Provis, C. (1997) Mediation and Conciliation in Industrial Relations- Reflections from Australia, Labour Studies Journal 21 (4), Pp 83-99Provis, C. (1986) Comparative Wage Justice. Journal of Indus trial Relations 28 (1) Pp 26-34Salamon, M. (2000) Industrial Relations. Theory and Practice, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, London. Pp 45-67Sheridan, K. and C. Provis (1998) Enterprise Agreements in South Australia. Progress or pretence? International Journal of Employment Studies 6 (1), Pp 129-1140.Sparrow, P. and Hilltop, J. (1994) European Human Resource Management in Transition New York Prentice Hall, Pp 43-78Turner, H. (1962) Trade Union Democracy in Trade Union growth, structure and policy. Allen and Unwin, London. Pp 292-294Williams, S. and Adam S (2006) Contemporary Employment Relations- A Critical Introduction, Oxford Pp 54-67

Corporate Governance Essay

Conduct a review of the institution of your memorial tablet (or atomic number 53 with which you are familiar) in the form of a report to the Chairman (or President) of the Governing mount of Directors. In the brief report use the concepts, excessivelyls and techniques learned in this subject to review the structure, process and effectiveness of the giving medication of the organisation and make recommendations for assume improvements. executive director summaryThis report sets out to review in incorporated governance at a private caller-out, namely, paramount amends Company. The specific objectives were to identify the relevant codes the organisation follows, why they are important and review the structure, process and effectiveness of the governance of the organisation. Throughout the report, it was evident from the findings that Paramount although once a successful organisation, had some governance issues that whoremonger and should be improved for the best(p) intere st of the company and its policyholders. Finally, several recommendations for improvement of the organisations governance were outlined.Introduction bodily boldness has evolved from the archeozoic days of merchants and monopolists and the concept of corporate governance is as old as trade that the phrase is new. ( cheater 2011).At its simplest, corporate governance can be regarded as being about promoting corporate fairness, transparency and accountability (Wolfensohn 1999). All corporate entities need governing however, good corporate governance that takes into consideration a word form of frameworks, including various perspectives such as the family, stakeholder, financial, and societal. This report result review the corporate governance policies of Paramount Insurance Company Limited (Paramount). Firstly I will supply an overview on the companys profile and define corporate. Then the report will look at the composition and criteria for the dining table of Directors of Para mount and demonstrate any corporate governance issues that the company may be facing. Finally recommendations are given for modifications or improvements in the companys practices relevant to this business.Company profileParamount was an insurance underwriter predominantly writing motor business for individuals in the United Kingdom. Based in Watford, Paramount Insurance Company Limited (Paramount) wrote motor insurance over a period of around forty nine years until May nineteen ninety six when it ceased underwriting. Initially, the company primarily provided motor package insurance, that later expanded into also writing some legal expenses cover. Paramount was incorporated in Guyana and consequently the company complied with the Insurance Act 1998 and the Companies Act 1998 of Guyana.These acts provided a guide to Paramount along with the Guyana Corporate presidential term Code (GCGC) to some of its corporate governance practices. The Corporate Governance Code of Guyana is not ma ndatory or enforceable but simply provides a list of principles for best practice. Throughout this report, it is evident that Paramount has a number of issues in relation to corporate governance. This eventuated with issues for policyholders as was estimated that there may be 40,000 current policies at the time of the provisional liquidation. Definition of corporate governanceThe term governance is derived from the Latin gubernare which means tolead, suggesting rather that the governance (Corporate, in this case) implies more the steering function than the control one. BALC et al. (2013, pp. 14-17). Corporate governance has umteen definitions as it is often used in a variety of perspectives, operational, relationship, stakeholder, societal, and a financial economics perspective. For the purpose of this report, corporate governance is defined as the relationship that exists between company management, stakeholders and the board.Objectives of the company are usually set, attained and monitored through the structure corporate governance provides. (Balgobin 2008).The Guyana Corporate Code of Governance is similar to the UK codes of corporate governance and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 2004).These principles serve as a reference point that can be used by companies to develop their give frameworks for corporate governance that reflect their own circumstances or situations.Composition and criteria at ParamountThe Chairman and the Chief Executive OfficerThere is enormous research on board composition and the importance it places on different aspects of organisation movement. (Kang H, et al 2007). At Paramount the unitary board exists, where according to the textbook, a unitary board is when a company has a single governing body (Tricker 2009). A non- executive director is defined as a mortal who is not involved in the day to day management of an organisation but rather in business tasks such as strategic planning, and monitor o f executive directors. An executive director tends to be more involved in the managerial aspects of the company. The Chairman and four other directors are independent non-executives, and the CEO and one director are non- executives.Diversity of board membersA diverse board is defined as a varied composition of a number of parameters for example, gender and age. ( Jhunjhunwala, S et al. 2012). It is often believed that women bring a somewhat different approach to leadership in an organisation. They are seen as better at building relationships, are perceptive in decision-making, etc. (Hughes et al 2012). Paramounts board consists of one female executive director, Ann Estorffe, out of its eight members. She previously worked for one of the companys subsidiaries in theCaribbean and thus was deemed fit because of her visit, knowledge and competency on insurance and policymaking. In addition, there are no young directors on the board. tally to the Company Secretary, all of the board me mbers are in excess of sixty five years of age. This is well preceding(prenominal) the retirement age outlined by the company, which is 60 years. Some in the company may argue that it is risky to have appointed younger individuals on the board as they neglect the experience that comes with age and they are higher risk takers.However, studies have shown that diverse boards may help in formulating strategies, improving productivity and creative problem solving. (Jhunhunwala & Mishra 2012).Appointment to the board and subdelegations Tricker et al. 2009 makes reference to two reasons why unitary boards create subcommittees To enable independent directors to meet separately from the board as a whole, in order to bring about their oversights roles To delegate board activities to reduce the burden on the boards as a whole. All the directors are subject to re-election by policyholders both three years but this system is fraught with ineffectiveness to implicit pressure to re-elect the c urrent directors. Paramount had several subcommittees consisting of the audit, remuneration, nomination, marketing, government and compliance committee, finance, and strategic planning subcommittees. This report specifically will be outlining the three committees, which are responsible for providing oversight to management. These are Audit, remuneration and nomination committees. (Tricker 2009)It is the impression of the plank that this power resides with them as they can choose the best person for the committee. In other words, some still feel that the right to appoint board members is the heart of corporate power. (Tricker 2009).Paramounts audit committee considered and do recommendations to the board on rules, corporate governance codes, and the law. This committee also assists the company to comply with relevant accounting standards and legislation. Hence, this requires a company to have effective sexual audit functions to manage the monies entrusted on them. The effectivene ss of the audit is reflected in annual reports, with the intent to create transparency aimed at improving accounting and auditing standards and promoting good corporate governance. The Remuneration Committee of Paramount consisted of two independent nonexecutive directors and one chair.This committee is responsible for setting remuneration forall executives and the chairman however it is the board or the policyholders that determine the remuneration of non-executive directors. (Guyana corporate governance code 2011) It is said that the remuneration committee is where in interest of the shareholders conflict with that of management. (Carson 2002). The amount of remuneration received by directors and chairman are disclosed in the companys annual reports In addition, this monitoring realizes that when profits are low, directors remuneration can be adjusted and the issuing of incentive payments. Directors of Paramount were not viewed as self-serving and were viewed as effective in this aspect of corporate governance.Board performance evaluationOne of the principles of Guyana code on corporate governance states that a board should have an annual evaluation of its own performance, its committees and individual directors. In addition, every three years this evaluation should be externally facilitated. This principle aligns with the UK corporate governance code. Studies have suggested that corporate governance markers such as the uses of sub-committees, independent directors, and an appropriate board structure may not be the best forecasters of board effectiveness. (Tricker 2009) In other words, a form of performance appraisal for directors may ensure they act in the best interest of the company and of the shareholders. action appraisals give feedback to individuals and facilitate changes or improvements. (Noe et al 2009).Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in sum of money can be defined as corporate entities acting as good citizens not evident within Paramount. UK Companies Act 2006 highlighted that quoted companies have to provide learning on environmental matters, employees and social and community issues. Early attitudes towards corporate governance were a voluntary bureaucratic, expensive box-ticking exercise. Board members focused delivering on creating wealth not complying with principles. The changing expectations in the governance of organisations saw CSR strategies and policies developed, along with CSR competency frameworks created to increase shareholder value.ConclusionThis report has given an account on corporate governance of a business in the private sector, namely the Paramount Company. The investigation first setout to discuss the laws and corporate governance codes the company complies with and wherefore reviews the governance in the organisation. The research suggested that organisations should have adapted to principles of corporate governance, however. These included the lack of a nomination committee, and an inactiv e performance evaluation board and the suppuration of a ccorporate social responsibility framework. It was also apparent that the re-election of directors was ineffective and that retirement age seems not to apply to board members. This may be due to lack of proper succession planning or to the belief that people like similar minded people and in this case age was a commonality.If the above mentioned areas of opportunities were addressed earlier could this have prevented the outcome? That outcome being on the twenty first of May in the year nineteen ninety six the Department of Trade and Industry withdrew authorisation for Paramount to write new insurance business, and avoid having the directors of Paramount petitioning the court to wind the company up. The paper concludes that for too long emphasis of corporate governance has been around the relationship between managers, boards and shareholders and not so much on how corporations are financed and managed. There needs to be a mult iple theoretical perspectives employed to allow for a better understanding of issues like allocation of resources and return and overall economic development.RecommendationsBased on the report, there were a number of approaches that could have been actioned to improve governance at Paramount. Firstly, the organisation needed to embrace multifariousness, the acknowledgement that people are different and harnessing this diversity would have provided great benefit to Paramount. Promoting the health, well-being and opinions of staff, promotes individuals being valued. Fitness programs supported by the company with exclusive membership offers is an example of building a stand by and thrive culture. This can be achieved through fair and transparent employment practices, regularly communicated to employees. Secondly, to eliminate the subjectivity of nominating board members and also the complacency.Developing a nomination committee consisting of independent nonexecutive directors, will h elp to establish criteria for selection of board members, which will help to ensure directors chosen, are truly independent tocontribute effectively to the board, to reduce the chances of a dominant director. Thirdly, Paramount should have developed a system to allow for the anonymous re-election of board members by not only out-of-door policyholders but also inside policyholders e.g. employees as well. Fourthly to assist with CSR responsibilities and commitment a corporate policy statement can be generated, focusing on the six core characteristics ofUnderstanding societyBuilding capacityQuestioning business as usualStakeholder relationsStrategic viewHarnessing diversitySwire Pacific Ltd. developed a decentralized approach to generate its Sustainable Development Policy and appointed Director of Sustainable Development, Robert Gibson, in 2007. The intent was to create a long term approach to the sustainable development of their businesses and excel as corporate citizens. Finally, performance evaluation of board members is important to determine their effectiveness. Paramount took the enterprise to form a sub-committee for this process however it remained inactive for a number of years. This is an imperative function for a company to establish such a committee to see real long-term change and benefits in the governance of the organisation. Feedback on performance is critical for a board to improve any dysfunctional behaviour.ReferencesTricker, B 2009, corporate governance principles, policies and practices, 2nd ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Balc, L, Ilies, R, Cioban, B, & Cuza, B 2013, Corporate Governance. Conceptual Approaches, Managerial Challenges Of The Contemporary Society, 5, Pp. 14-17, Business Source Complete, Ebscohost, Viewed 15 July 2014. Balgobin, RS 2008, Board Characteristics that Promote Effective Governance A attitude on Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica, ICFAI Journal Of Corporate Governance, 7, 2, pp. 20-41, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 July 2014. Donaldson, L, & Davis, J 1991, Stewardship Theory or Agency Theory CEO Governanceand Shareholder Returns, Australian Journal Of Management (University Of New South Wales), 16, 1, p. 49, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 July 2014. Balgobin, RS 2008, Board Characteristics that Promote Effective Governance A Perspective on Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica, ICFAI Journal Of Corporate Governance, 7, 2, pp. 20-41, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 July 2014. Guyana Corporate Governance Code 2011, viewed on 9 July 2014 Kang, H, Cheng, M, & Gray, S 2007, Corporate Governance and Board Composition diversity and independence of Australian boards, Corporate Governance An International Review, 15, 2, pp. 194-207, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 13 July 2014. Jhunjhunwala, S, & Mishra, R 2012, Board Diversity and Corporate Performance The Indian Evidence, IUP Journal Of Corporate Governance, 11, 3, pp. 71-79, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 July 2014. Hughes, R., Ginnett, R. & Curphy, G 2012, Leadership enhancing the lessons of experience, 7th ed, McGraw Hill Irwin, New York Vafeas, N 1999, The Nature of Board Nominating Committees and Their Role in Corporate Governance, Journal Of Business Finance & Accounting, 26, 1/2, pp. 199-225, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 July 2014. Wolfensohn, J 1999, Financial Times, 21 June.

A Barred Owl and the History Teacher Essay

A Barred Owl vs. The recital teacher Essay andanalysisA Barred Owl by Richard Wilbur and The History Teacher by Billy Collins both have adults lying to tykeren. A childish tonicity is given off in A Barred Owl that helps the reader relate to the childs fear while an ironic and sarcastic tone is given off in The History Teacher to show how the teachers attempt to keep the kids innocent quickly turns the kids thoughts from innocent to ignorance. Literary devices used by the authors guide the reader into perceive the effects of the adults lies, despite their good intentions.The childish tone of A Barred Owl is kept through the constant rhyming in the poem uniform boomroom and heardbird. The rhyming combined with the childish tone helps put the reader in the frame of mind of the child and how the child thinks. When the owl makes noise, the parents say its the owl asking Who cooks for you? The child will think of her parents each time the owl makes noise, hereby deterring the childs enormous fear of the owl outside her window. The lies given off accommodate with the childish tone and help the reader look at the fear from the childs point of view. The History Teacher has the ironic and sarcastic tone that shows the teachers lack of an existent lesson. Each lesson the teacher gives, he wants to protect his students honour. The lessons, which are presented as metaphors, contribute to the ironic and sarcastic due to the fact that the serious lessons are compared to trivial things that in no way relate to the actual topic. Even the teacher is affected by the irony and sarcasm as he walks home and sees the flower beds and white picket fences as confirmation that everything is improve in the world.Again, the teacher compares something small to something bigger that he assumes. Danger presents itself in A Barred Owl and adds a darker/dangerous tone. The combination of the dangerous tone and the childish tone, which is continued through the rhyming, shows the child s point of view of the outside night. Although the child was comforted by her parents, she is still frighten she is and shows that she needs to be protected. In The History Teacher, after the lessons taught by the teacher, the children leave his classroom for the playground to torment the weak and the smart.This shows how the teacher isnt teaching every real lessons for the children to learn from and use in life and shows the continuity of the ironic and sarcastic tone. The poems A Barred Owl by Richard Wilbur and The History Teacher by Billy Collins each show adults lying to children. Using different literary devices in each poem, both authors demonstrate the effects of the children being lie to. A Barred Owl relates the author to the childs fear in the childish tone given off while The History Teacher gives an ironic and sarcastic tone to show the childrens innocence turn to ignorance.

De Beers Case Essay

De Beers Case Study This case study of De Beers outlines the companys evolution from its institution in the mid-1800s to year 2000. In these 200 years span of time, De Beers was the leader in the mining of diamonds and their leadership contributed to what the industry is today. As the leader in the industry, De Beers had mammoth stakes in mining fields in South Africa. Their dominance in the country also meant being socially responsible. At the onset, this was difficult to formalize because social responsibility for businesses hasnt been really discovered yet, especially in countries such as Africa.During the great depression of the 1930s, racial tension rose. The depression fuel Afrikaner nationalism and the drive for white supremacy and racial separation (page 12 of case study). By the 1940s, De Beers CEO Ernie Oppenheimer, wanted to promote social furtherance for black Africans. Their strength in mining diamond unfortunately wasnt able to curtail the era of apartheid or racial discrimination. This however, did non stop De Beers to do the socially responsible thing, which was to oppose the apartheid, but also had to do it in a way to not affect its business.The company is successful and essentially has a monopoly in the diamond market. Their success and monopoly didnt come with heavy criticism from legal entities and local communities. Such criticisms like child and cheap labor. Some of these veto publicities were clouded by some of their contribution to local cities, building schools and living conditions for black Africans. De Beers control of the diamond market comes with pressures and challenges from government entities. For instance, De Beers for the longest time could not operate in the U.S. because of indictments issued by the U. S. Justice Department for antimonopoly cases and for refusing to provide industrial diamonds during World War II. De Beers appears to be heading to the right direction, strengthening their plaque practices, which was on e of their weakest areas. Their review of their corporate strategy in 1998 resulted in a new strategy for the company for the new century. These are business strategies that are good for you(p) and also business practices that are ethical and responsible.Post Enron and Arthur Anderson, came Sarbanes-Oxley for U. S. companies and De Beers new business strategy and practices seems to be aligned with these rules. Similarly, De Beers seems to be contending child labor issues, similar to what Gap, Inc. had to address (ABC World News, 10-27-08). This active approach is also aligned with their new strategies, which is to be more nociceptive and to adhere to strict social requirements and responsibilities, but to be sensitive to the overall impact of operations on the local community.

China – Economic Development Essay

Kimberly Remijan MWH Mr. Harvey The Pros Outweigh the Cons When one thinks of a major Chinese city such as Shanghai or Beijing, images of sidewalks overcrowded with pedestrians, thousands of bicycles lined on the streets and litter spotted through come out public argonas may come to mind. However, with the modernization and industrialization chinaware has gone through, urban citizens are now more frequently exploitation public beguile, automobiles are increasingly creation used more and mint are hired to keep streets as clean as possible.With a itty-bitty over three decades having past since the major industrial development, mainland chinaware has industrialized at an astonishing rate. This is especially apparent when comparing its much higher industrializing evaluate to Japan, the UK and the US. With such high rates of growth, in that respect are both negative and positive aspects that come out of such development. Although general health in China is not at its best, post 1980 industrial development has improved the average Chinese citizens life tremendously both ad hominemly and publically.Through the rush of industrialization, Chinese industry and production has had a negative effect on the health of citizens because of the air pollution from coal, water system pollution from factory emissions and the inhumane working conditions for numerous people. The production of coal, a major industry in China, emits sulfur compounds, carbon and other byproducts into the air, which increases the risks of cancer, lung and heart issues. Sulfur dioxide generated in coal combustion poses an immediate panic to the health of Chinas citizens, contri saveion to about 40,000 premature deaths a year (Bradsher and Barboza).This not only affects the physical welfare of workers but anyone who is exposed to this taint air. Sulfur dioxide emitted from coal combustion in addition contributes to acid rain, poisoning bodies of water and vegetation. Nearly 500 million p eople lack access to safe inebriation water (Khan and Yardley). With people running the risk of being dehydrated, it is hard to imagine that they can have a healthy immune system and enough animation to function properly. Also, it is much more difficult to move forward in life without having clean water for hygiene and food urposes. Lastly, the horrendous working conditions for several(prenominal) workers in factories are destroying their health. People work where there are no regards to human safety, and live in overpopulated housing and do not have communal household appliances, resulting in about 5,000 deaths annually (Great Leap Backward). This affects the comfort and safety of workers, resulting in physical and emotional unhappiness. However, even though it true up that the health of many is at stake, there are many other effects of industrialization that citizens are benefitting from as well.In the past few decades, citizens have been experiencing the personal benefits of higher income, a growing warmness class and wider choice and availability of household appliances and comforts. Many citizens, especially those existing rurally, are seeing an increase in income. The number of rural poor people decreased from 49. 6 million to 28. 2 million in 2002 (China Sees Improvements). With more specie to spare, many people are now able to spend on more, better quality food, hygiene, business, study for their children and other factors that create a life with more opportunities for the present and the future.Also, the middle class has recently been growing and create. Chinas growing middle class has made it to the second largest luxury good market in the domain of a function (Rapoza). A growing middle class means that the general economy is improving, and there is higher demand for goods. Factories then need to be created, more jobs are available and there is more production. The lower class gets smaller and the middle and upper class grows, which benefi ts everyone. This then leads on to household appliances becoming more low-cost and available to the population. Household appliances such as TV sets, washing machines and refrigerators became more common, and an increasing number of families acquired computers and cars (China Sees Improvements). With such comforts being more astray used than in the past, people are able to live more comfortably and happily. The benefits for the common people do not stop here. On a public level, public transportation is now being frequently used and education as well as heath-care is more available and accessible to citizens.Public transport such as buses, trains, airplanes and boats are being developed and utilized by many. China will build or renovate 150 airportsharness water routes along major riversbuild 20 thousand kilometers of roadsand 6,000 kilometers of railways (China to Witness Development). Going back a few years ago when China mostly used bicycles to get to and from places, this burst of transportation development is huge. Not only is it available to many now but the government also continues to improve such means of transport, which will make business, travel, trading and communication much easier.It gets even better as the government focuses much of its time and money on spreading opportunities for education throughout the country. In the nine-year compulsory education, the central government remitted 52 million students from underdeveloped western and central regions their tuition fees and extras (China Economic Growth). With education being available to all social and economic classes in China, there is opportunity for a great social natural spring in the future. With proper schooling, young adults are able to be exposed to more job opportunities and are able to support their families and work their way out of poverty.Similarly, there have been efforts made to increase availability and quality of common medical care throughout the nation. As conditions of m edical care continue to improve, peoples health has come to a higher level with the average life expectancy reaching 71. 8 years in 2002 (China Sees Improvements). With health care conditions getting better and people living longer, it is apparent that peoples life standards are improving. Increased life expectancy generally means that there is better hygiene, health and environment than in the past.Through these three effects that have come out of industrialization, it is apparent that the public is affected positively in many ways. Even though the health situation with some Chinese citizens is not at its peak, post 1980 industrial development in China has colossally increased living standards of many on both a personal and public level. People have and are earning more salary, a middle class is emerging and developing and household applications are now more accessible. Additionally, public transportation is more developed and utilized and education and healthcare availability and quality is improving.All these benefits are wonderful, but there is still the matter of peoples health being negatively affected by coal production and the conditions workers go through to produce coal and other goods in factors. Before coming up with conclusions, one must look at this issue in context. First of all, the rate at which China is industrializing is much higher than nations in the past, such as the UK taking 150 years and Japan taking 40 years to completely industrialize. With Chinas growth spurt being so huge, there are bound to be some consequences in order to achieve all the other benefits stated previously.Additionally, while still comparing China to past industrial development periods, the UK used to also have bad working conditions in the cities with factories emitting offensive amounts of pollution. With some time and effort, these conditions improved and more ecofriendly factories and machinery was used. The same goes for Japan and the US. The odds point to Chi na doing the same as well because of the following reasons. With increased education and income, citizens young and old are becoming more aware of their environmental and health situation.Also, with all the efforts the government is putting into healthcare for its people, it is apparent that their wellbeing is being put into consideration. Hopefully this will lead to actions for the long term by eliminating inhumane working conditions and harm to the environment. If China continually seeks the example of other leading(p) countries and keeps in pace with their efforts for the environment, one can see that the benefits of post 1980 industrialization will continue to and grow in outweighing the negatives of the harmful conditions and factories.